Joydip Kanjilal
Contributor

How to manage user secrets in ASP.NET Core

how-to
Sep 28, 20207 mins
C#Microsoft .NETSoftware Development

Take advantage of user secrets management in ASP.NET Core to prevent the sharing of sensitive application data in your projects

Hacker in hoodie holding up finger to be quiet secret
Credit: Thinkstock

When working with ASP.NET web applications, you will want to protect certain pieces of application data, called user secrets, that should not be shared with others. Your user secrets might include a database connection string that also contains the user ID and the password for the database. You might also want to refrain from sharing information such as access keys, API keys, and connection information details for cloud services such as Azure or AWS.

However, when you share your project with others this secret information also will be shared. How can we prevent this? A feature in ASP.NET Core named User Secrets allows you to store user secrets outside your project tree in a JSON file, and can even be managed using a command-line tool called the Secrets Manager. This article talks about how you can work with the User Secrets API in ASP.NET Core.

To work with the code examples provided in this article, you should have Visual Studio 2019 installed in your system. If you don’t already have a copy, you can download Visual Studio 2019 here

Create an ASP.NET Core MVC project in Visual Studio 2019

First off, let’s create an ASP.NET Core project in Visual Studio 2019. Assuming Visual Studio 2019 is installed in your system, follow the steps outlined below to create a new ASP.NET Core project in Visual Studio.

  1. Launch the Visual Studio IDE.
  2. Click on “Create new project.”
  3. In the “Create new project” window, select “ASP.NET Core Web Application” from the list of templates displayed.
  4. Click Next.
  5. In the “Configure your new project” window, specify the name and location for the new project.
  6. Optionally check the “Place solution and project in the same directory” check box, depending on your preferences.
  7. Click Create.
  8. In the “Create a New ASP.NET Core Web Application” window shown next, select .NET Core as the runtime and ASP.NET Core 3.1 (or later) from the drop-down list at the top.
  9. Select “Web Application (Model-View-Controller)” as the project template to create a new ASP.NET Core MVC application. 
  10. Ensure that the check boxes “Enable Docker Support” and “Configure for HTTPS” are unchecked as we won’t be using those features here.
  11. Ensure that Authentication is set to “No Authentication” as we won’t be using authentication either.
  12. Click Create.

Following these steps will create a new ASP.NET Core MVC project in Visual Studio 2019. We’ll use this project in the sections below to illustrate how we can manage user secrets in our ASP.NET Core 3.1 projects.

Add user secrets management to your project

Adding user secrets management to your project is fairly straightforward. All you need to do is select the project in the Solution Explorer window, right-click on the project, and then select Manage User Secrets as shown in Figure 1 below.

manage user secrets net core IDG

Figure 1

This will open the secrets.json file in your Visual Studio IDE. Here’s where you can add your secrets as shown below.

{
  "ConnectionString": "This is a test connection string",
  "APIKey": "This is s secret key",
  "AppSettings": {
    "GlobalSettings": {
      "GlobalAccessKey": "This is a global access key!"
    }
  }
}

The secret.json file is created at the following location:

C:UsersjoydipAppDataRoamingMicrosoftUserSecretse4f51d14-ddc1-48f4-bb34-84c114e3d6d0

When you open the .csproj file of your project, you’ll notice that a UserSecretsId element has been added as shown in the code snippet given below.

<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk.Web">
  <PropertyGroup>
    <TargetFramework>netcoreapp3.1</TargetFramework>
    <UserSecretsId>e4f51d14-ddc1-48f4-bb34-84c114e3d6d0</UserSecretsId>
  </PropertyGroup>
</Project>

Use the Secret Manager tool in .NET Core

The Secret Manager tool is a command-line tool available in .NET Core for managing your configuration and secret data. In this section we’ll examine how we can work with this tool.

Enable user secrets

Type the following command at the command prompt:

dotnet user-secrets init

Set a secret

To list the available secrets, you can use this command:

dotnet user-secrets list

Figure 2 below shows the list of keys we created earlier.

list user secrets net core IDG

Figure 2

You can use the following command to set a key:

dotnet user-secrets set "AuthorApiKey" "xyz1@3"

Access a secret

To access user secrets programmatically, you can take advantage of the Configuration API in ASP.NET Core. Let’s update the HomeController class to be able to access the configuration data. At first glance, the HomeController class would look like this:

    public class HomeController : Controller
    {
        private readonly ILogger<HomeController> _logger;
        public HomeController(ILogger<HomeController> logger)
        {
            _logger = logger;
        }
        //Action methods go here - this is done for brevity
    }

The following code snippet illustrates how we can update the HomeController class and leverage dependency injection to be able to inject an instance of IConfiguration using constructor injection.

public class HomeController : Controller
    {
        private readonly ILogger<HomeController> _logger;
        private readonly IConfiguration _config;
        public HomeController(ILogger<HomeController> logger,
                              IConfiguration config)
        {
            _logger = logger;
            _config = config;
        }
        //Action methods go here - this is done for brevity
    }

Remove a secret

To remove a key, you can use the following command:

dotnet user-secrets remove "AuthorApiKey"

If you want to remove all keys, you can use the following command instead:

dotnet user-secrets clear

Here is a variation on the same command that removes GlobalSettings from the stored secrets:

dotnet user-secrets remove "AppSettings:GlobalSettings"

The ability to configure, manage, and secure configuration data has been redefined in ASP.NET Core. User Secrets is a great feature in ASP.NET Core that is an excellent alternative to using environment variables. User Secrets ensures that there is no sensitive data included in the source code. Instead, the user secrets are stored outside of the project folder — inside the user’s profile folder in the file system.

However, one downside is that the data that is stored by User Secrets is not encrypted. I will discuss other options for protecting user secrets such as Azure application settings and Azure key vault in a future article here.

How to do more in ASP.NET Core:

Joydip Kanjilal
Contributor

Joydip Kanjilal is a Microsoft Most Valuable Professional (MVP) in ASP.NET, as well as a speaker and the author of several books and articles. He received the prestigious MVP award for 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012.

He has more than 20 years of experience in IT, with more than 16 years in Microsoft .Net and related technologies. He has been selected as MSDN Featured Developer of the Fortnight (MSDN) and as Community Credit Winner several times.

He is the author of eight books and more than 500 articles. Many of his articles have been featured at Microsoft’s Official Site on ASP.Net.

He was a speaker at the Spark IT 2010 event and at the Dr. Dobb’s Conference 2014 in Bangalore. He has also worked as a judge for the Jolt Awards at Dr. Dobb's Journal. He is a regular speaker at the SSWUG Virtual Conference, which is held twice each year.

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